Introductory Paragraph  In this argument, the author concludes that… To support his conclusion, the author points out that… In addition, the author reasons that… Furthermore, he also assumes that…While the author’s argument has some merit, it suffers from several logical flaws that deserve our attention. This line of reasoning is unconvincing for a couple of reasons.  In the first place, the major problem with this argument is that ...  In the second place ...  Last but not least ...
Flaws in evidence
1. Vested Interest
既得利益，一般是第一个攻击点，后面用让步语气：即使它正确
eg（整体性：摘自广告媒体，只会说自己产品的优点，不会说缺点）: 12, 13, 15, 57, 65, 96
eg（局部性：report）:14, 70, 93, 998, 105, 110, 125，补11
We have strong reasons to question the creditability and neutrality of the survey in which the conductor has vested interest and, therefore is inclined to manipulate the figures to his own advantage/and therefore is prone to take the position to his own advantage.
2. Specious Evidence
eg: 9, 11, 12, 15, 25, 26, 28, 30, 6
To begin with, the statistics are intended to support the main claim that … But these statistics are vague and oversimplified, and thus many distort the state’s overall economic picture. For example, … Moreover, …at the same time… Finally, the poll indicates that … but fail to indicate…
3. Statistical Evidence
3.1 Insufficient sample
eg: 146, 115, 25, 98, 123, 134, 141
... might not be sufficient to gauge … that is, … Lacking information about … it is impossible to draw any reliable conclusion about ...
3.2 Respondent
必须要证明respondents can represent the population
respondents 和non respondents可能有区别 eg: 8, 15, 115
注意：  respondant还存在客观性问题，respondents只代表观点倾向，事实问题不能用这个调查  survey的备择选项一定要全面  survey不可叠加问题
eg: 8, 15, 57, 63, 82, 115, 141
A threshold problem with the argument involves the statistical reliability of the survey. The author provides no evidence that the number of respondents is statistically significant or that the respondents were representative of A in general. Lacking information about the randomness and size of the survey’s sample, the author cannot make a convincing argument based on that survey.
Granted that…, 
3.4 Vague Definition
3.5 Problematic Methodology
eg: 57, 63
3.6 Lack of Key information
3.7 Information too Vague
尽量少用
eg: 3, 15, 34, 82, 83, 103, 120
Fallacies
1. Fallacies concerning Generalization
1.1 Hasty Generalization (Insufficient Sample)
样本太小，小范围不可推及大范围
— 这个小范围很特殊
— 选另一个小范围和原来那个比较有什么区别
eg: 数量上推广：30 (more populated regions)，13 (Cumquat Cafe)，26 (Windfall)
eg: 范围上推广：8 (15% more residents)，112 (parents of first graders)
注意限定词的修饰
The argument assumes that A is typical of all AA, as a group. However, this is not necessarily the case. (如果是统计数据的话：One problem with the argument