[第3页更新]我给同学改文章时,发现大家常常不知道如何升华自己的learning about leadership，写来写去就是坚韧、尊重别人等等……其实leadership的维度很广，层次很深。如下文所述，对leadership的反思，是文章中最关键的message，你所写的action应该充分反映这些message。 这些反思要深刻，要到点子上。
所以我从一些关于leadership的论文中摘录一些"leadership"的品质。举一些例子，所谓一个好的leader，他/她应该是怎样的。
建议大家也可以自己做research。例如，你认为confidence很重要，你的优秀品质之一是confident。你可以google一下英文的论文，confidence是什么、来源是什么，对自己和团队有什么影响，为什么一个confident的人更能成为好的leader，一个好的leader好何帮助别人建立confident。这样，如果你写essay时，讲了自己如何帮助别人建立confident的故事，就会成为一篇有深度的essay。
但是，不要生搬硬套。文章的整体逻辑要真实流畅，就是你的反思让人一读，就觉得是可以从这件事情中得到的。
我必须再一次强调，essay is the most critical part of your application, and the understanding of leadership is the critical of the critical。
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关于leadership品质的一些总结。我要强调，不要生搬硬套，自己要反思自己到底学到了什么，怎样才算是一个好的leader。（可以这样问问自己，如果我老板有这样的品质，我是否愿意跟着他干。]
Inspirational Motivation: encouraging commitment to shared goals, creating a compelling vision of the future, making work meaningful, and displaying enthusiasm and optimism about employees’ potential
Intellectual stimulation: challenging employees to think differently and in more complex ways by questioning assumptions, encouraging creativity, framing mistakes as learning opportunities, and reframing problems
Individualized consideration: giving employees personalized attention and facilitating their growth and development
Idealized influence: acting with consistency, transparency, determination, and persistence to earn the respect, admiration and trust of employees 
Improve communication  Becoming more aware of your own thinking and reasoning (REFLECTION)  Making your thinking and reasoning more visible to others (ADVOCACY)  Inquiring into others’ thinking and reasoning (INQUIRY) 
1.  Integrate cooperation and competition
-    Cooperation is the foundation of teamwork, though internal competition can improve team performance
-    Internal competition creates energy and a drive to improve, and acknowledges that if internal competition is not brought out in the open, it will create problems when driven underground
-    Best forms of internal competition
o    When competition benefits the individual and the team
o    When competition is intense during practice, but minimal during games
o    When competition is for playing time, but not scoring opportunities
2.    Orchestrate Some Early Wins
-    Teams that start out with success, build confidence/cohesion and aspire for more success
o    Also affects environment: successful teams attract better resources, information, feedback and assignments
-    How to design early wins
o    Carve larger tasks